Genitourinary Complaints
(hematuria, dysuria, polyuria, frequency, pain)Enuresis
Phimosis
Testicular torsion
Vesicoureteral reflux
Vulvovaginitis
- Describe the anatomy and physiology of the genitourinary system
- Identify infectious and non-infectious causes of urinary complaints
- Distinguish between glomerular versus non-glomerular hematuria
- Apply basic principles of pharmacology and indications for drugs used in the management of urinary tract infections
- Describe the pathophysiology of male genital complaints, including phimosis, balanitis and testicular torsion
- Describe the pathophysiology of infectious and non-infectious vulvovaginitis
- Differentiate between diurnal and nocturnal enuresis, and when enuresis requires treatment
Overview & Foundational Knowledge
| Williams GJ, Hodson EH, Isaacs D & Craig JC. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012; 48: 296-301.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01925.x This review summarizes the most relevant recent primary studies, systematic reviews and guidelines; common sense approach to UTIs. |
| Massengill. Hematuria. Pediatrics in Review 2008; 29: 342-348
https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.29-10-342 Very good review article on hematuria in pediatrics, diagnosis, approach to history and physical examination, when to refer to nephrology. |
| Saulsbury FT. Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2010; 22: 598-602.
https://doi.org/10.1097/bor.0b013e32833af608 A short update on recent advances in the genetic susceptibility, pathogenesis and treatment of Henoch–Schonlein purpura. |
| Kiddoo DA. Nocturnal enuresis. CMAJ 2012; 184(8): 908-910.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.111652 Brief “primer” on nocturnal enuresis. |
| Hellerstein S & Linebarger J. Voiding Dysfunction in Pediatric Patients. Clinical Pediatrics 2003; 42: 43-9.
https://doi.org/10.1177/000992280304200107 Clinical criteria for the various voiding disorders with management tips. |
Clinical Resources
| Management of primary nocturnal enuresis
http://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/primary-nocturnal-enuresis http://www.cps.ca/fr/documents/position/enuresie-nocturne-primaire Canadian Paediatric Society Position Statement (2005, 2013) on nocturnal enuresis |
| Urinary Tract Infection: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and Children 2 to 24 Months. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 595-610.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/128/3/595.full.pdf#page=1&view=FitH There are many UTI guidelines (AAP, NICE, etc) – this is the AAP practice guidelines for first UTI in 2 month to 2 year olds |
| Estrada CR Jr, Passerotti CC, Graham DA, et al. Nomograms for predicting annual resolution rate of primary vesicoureteral reflux: results from 2462 children. J Urol 2009; 182: 1535.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.053 Useful to estimate probability of spontaneous resolution of childhood vesicoureteric reflux. |
| Ahn SY & Ingulli E. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: An update. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2008; 20: 157-162.
https://doi.org/10.1097/mop.0b013e3282f45bcf Review article which summarizes the recent advances in the pathogenesis, host susceptibility factors, diverse clinical presentations, and treatment of the condition. |
