Murmur

Congenital heart disease
Innocent murmur

Describe the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, explain the basic physiology of cardiac function, and be able to relate the anatomy and physiology to the cardiac physical exam finding
Describe the basic embryology of the heart and major vessels and how abnormalities in embryological development lead to the development of congenital heart defects
Describe the structural and dynamic changes that occur following birth in the cardiovascular system, including closure of the ductus arteriosus
Describe the classification system of murmurs

Overview & Foundational Knowledge

Heart Murmurs in Children: Evaluation and Management. Ford B, Lara S, Park J. Am Fam Physician. 2022 Mar 1;105(3):250-261. PMID: 35289571.

https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0300/p250.html

Review article on evaluation and management of murmurs.

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center: Cardiac Anomalies / Congenital Heart Defects

http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/defects/default/

Describes congenital heart disease, both cyanotic and acyanotic; navigate site by selecting specific CHD. Demonstrates differences between normal and abnormal hearts. Includes nice images and videos.

Clinical Resources

University of Washington: Demonstration of Heart Sounds & Murmurs

http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/demo.html

This site includes audio demonstrations of heart sounds and murmurs, as well as includes links to the pathophysiology.

Virtual Patients or Cases

University of Michigan Heart Sound and Murmur Library

http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb/heartsounds/index.htm

Audio of murmurs with cardiograms for visual representation.